The Gulf of Mannar is an Indian coral reef region and also a marine national park. It is 160 kilometers long and covers an area of 10,500 square kilometers, with 21 islands. It is distributed along the coastal area of in between Rameshwaram and Tuticorin. It is a densely populated coastal area with 3600 species of flora and fauna, 117 hard coral species, 52 sea grass species, 290 bird species, 2200 fish species etc. The frequent visitors of this region are sea turtles, sharks, dugong, whales etc. Apart from being a tourist spot, many fisher folks depend on reef for their existence and this place is also a center of some other livelihood. The fishing practices and tourist activities of this region are main source of anthropogenic disturbances like plastic debris. This large portion of marine debris contain non biodegradable bottles, ropes, traps, fiber fishing net etc. These non biodegradable plastic debris are distributed by sea waves or Aeolian activities and also degrades into micro plastics that contains many toxic materials like polyethylene, polypropylene , nylon , polyvinyl chloride , polystyrene etc. These micro plastics are great risks for the marine ecosystem and may completely damage the balance of marine ecosystem as they are mostly hampering at all levels of the food chain. Micro plastics damage clam’s gills , interferes Marine photosynthetic algae's growth and oxygen production rate , bleaches’ corals by obscuring light and oxygen and marine fishes exposed to polyethylene may suffer from liver toxicity etc. Due to Covid-19 pandemic lockdown from March onwards the pollution has decreased that cause’s massive improvement in the coastal ecosystem of Gulf of Mannar. Before lockdown 43% of biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar was degraded due to such plastic deposition and accumulation. But during this lockdown period 51.4% macro plastics, 28 % micro plastic pollution reduced, 22 % fish density, 39 % parrot fish populations and small fraction of coral reef is improving at a modest rate. Thus it could be suggest that proper management practices for conservation with sustainable policies, and awareness building workshop would be helpful to recuperate the biodiversity loss in coastal community of Gulf of Mannar.

Bees are the most significant and potent pollinator group of flowers, fruits, vegetables and crops. Recently worldwide decline of bee population is raising serious concern for crop pollination and biodiversity sustainability. According to a report, (from 2018 April-2019 April) the bee population decreased by 40.7% in U.S. and as well as similar trend is noted throughout the globe. There are several factors that are the foundation for bee declining includes habitat loss, climate change, use of insecticide and pesticide, environmental stressor disease. Large areas of concrete, cemented roads, buildings allow very less space for flowers and fewer sufficient places for bees to build their hive which significantly causing habitat loss. Global warming and Extreme heat waves at the coastal area cause decline of this organism. A group of widely used insecticides, Neonicotinoids are absorbed by plants and can be present in pollen and nectar, making them toxic to bees by killing them. It is also observed that Neonicotinoids could have adverse effect on navigation, immunity and reproductive physiology of bee community. The contrary, after exposure of several environmental stressors young bees start foraging before the usual age which can cause physical alterations to the brain that may reduce their ability to remembering things that needed for proper foraging. Perhaps an invasive mite Varroa (a pest of honeybees) sometimes triggers colony collapse disorder (disappearance of majority of worker bees in a colony). ARNA virus Israeli causes acute paralysis to the members of bee colony and a gut parasite Nosema is also associated with loss of colony members. Therefore, to control the declining trend of bee population, native and bee friendly flowering plants should be planted into the farm land, reduction of the usage of pesticides and insecticides should be practiced. Moreover, motivation of the farmers for organic food (that is grown without the use of pesticides, fungicides, herbicides.) and improvement of management approaches in urban green spaces and highly urbanized area should be prioritized. On the other hand, EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) tries to develop a policy of pesticides use and also directs the farmers to use a pesticide that is less toxic to pollinator. Thus, protection of pollinator health by preserving wild habitat of bee will restore ecological agriculture.

Microbial protein is very important and alternative source of high-quality protein able to replace animal protein like fishmeal in livestock nutrition and aquaculture. Microbial protein is a type of single-celled protein used for food, which is typically made up of fungi, bacteria or algae. [8] Since ancient times, a number of microbes have been used as a part of diet cell over the world. In the last 60’s ‘single cell protein’ was used as substitute for microbial protein. Moreover, as we find that the proteins quality in food supply is low, especially in developing countries, these increases in protein malnutrition and has given importance for the search of a new and alternative source of protein both in human foods and animal feeds. Due to population pressure, there may be lack of animal or vegetable proteins to fulfill requirements in future, especially in developing countries like India. So, in order to meet the protein deficiency SCB can substitute entirely or moderately the valuable amount of conventional protein feed. And for these technologies should be employed in agriculture and food waste products and this would play a vital role for the production of SCB. The key step to reduce the shortage of protein supply is taken by the production of microbial protein or single celled protein (SCP). There are many advantages for using microbial proteins as food over conventional proteins. Microbial proteins are rich in vitamins, carotenes and carbohydrates. Moreover, the microbial proteins can be produced under normal conditions. So shortage of land or natural calamities such as draught or flood cannot be a bottleneck in SCP production. Therefore, as we know that SCP is very important to fulfil the future global requirement, it is important and needed to develop clean and green technology for its production. Some of its disadvantages are that it has high nucleic acid content and low digestibility. But then also it is very much necessary to implement and use technology to produce SCP to meet the protein deficiency in future. This paper reviews the production of single cell protein, its benefits, safety acceptability, cost and the limitations accompanied with their uses as it portends great promise as an alternative source of proteins.

Many people have always been captivated to bird song because of its aesthetic and alluring aspects. However, because bird song represents an evolutionary apex of vocal sophistication, it also holds enormous interest for behavioral and evolutionary biologists. Only human, cetacean (whales and dolphins), and bat species have shown evidence of vocal learning, which is the copying of sounds used in communication, among lower vertebrates and mammals. Interesting evidence of vocal learning in pinnipeds has also been found. In contrast, three major groups of almost 5,000 bird species—parrots, hummingbirds, and oscine songbirds-including both tropical and temperate species-learn their songs or calls. The oscines exhibit vocal learning and are found all over the world. The convoluted musculature of the syrinx, the vocal organ, serves as the taxonomic basis for the oscines. Nearly all of these bird species sing and are diurnal.

Olive Ridley Sea Turtles are listed as vulnerable under IUCN. Characterization of different molecular parameters rather than scaling the correlation of different pollutants to different proteins and genes of this animal is necessary to deduce the path of their sustainability related to reptiles’ biodiversity. These turtles show a large geographical range of migration and are exposed to different stressors i.e. biochemical as well as biophysical marine environment and hence are considered as interesting bio-indicators too. Monitoring these turtle populations for the toxicological effects of different persistent organic pollutants and different heavy metals is the fundamental approach for their protection and sustainability. This review includes the analysis of several toxicological studies that characterize the pollutants accumulation nature in different tissues of the Olive Ridley as well as the nature of excretion, and effects of pollutants on different molecular, morphological, and developmental parameters.